Mệnh đề nhượng bộ (Concession): Despite / In spite of, Although, However…
Diễn đạt hai ý trái ngược trong cùng một câu.
Despite = giới từ → đi với danh từ
Although = liên từ → đi với mệnh đề
Có 2 dạng chính:
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Giới từ + N/V-ing
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Liên từ + Mệnh đề (S + V)
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1. DESPITE / IN SPITE OF (bất chấp, mặc dù)
1.1. Cấu trúc
Không dùng trực tiếp mệnh đề
Muốn dùng mệnh đề thì add thêm “the fact that”
1.2. Ví dụ
Despite his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
In spite of her bad grades, Jane will be admitted to the university.
Despite being tired, he continued working.
Despite the fact that he was tired, he continued working.
1.3. Biến đổi câu
Although he was tired, he continued working.
= Despite being tired, he continued working.
= Despite his tiredness, he continued working.
2. ALTHOUGH / EVEN THOUGH / THOUGH (mặc dù)
2.1. Cấu trúc
Although / Even though / Though + S + V
2.2. Ví dụ
Although he has a physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
Even though she has bad grades, Jane will be admitted.
2.3. Though cuối câu
Nếu đứng cuối câu, tách bằng dấu phẩy → nghĩa “tuy nhiên”.
He promised to call me. I haven’t received any call from him, though.
2.4. Even though vs Even if
Even though = sự thật đã xảy ra
Even if = giả định
Even though it rained, we went out.
Even if it rains, we will go out.
3. HOWEVER
3.1. However = tuy nhiên (trạng từ nối)
He studied hard. However, he failed the exam.
3.2. However + adj/adv + S + V
(= No matter how…)
However + adj/adv + S + V
However strong you are, you can’t move this rock.
However hard he tried, he couldn’t solve the problem.
However much money you have, you can’t buy happiness.
3.3. Lỗi thường gặp
❌ However he tried hard
✔ However hard he tried
4. NO MATTER
4.1. Cấu trúc
No matter + wh-word + S + V
No matter how tired he was, he kept working.
No matter what happens, I will support you.
4.2. Tương đương
No matter how tired he was,
= However tired he was,
No matter what happens,
= Whatever happens,
5. ALBEIT (trang trọng)
5.1. Cấu trúc
Albeit + adjective / adverb
Không dùng mệnh đề đầy đủ.
5.2. Ví dụ
Her appointment was a significant, albeit temporary success.
He performed the task well, albeit slowly.
The plan was successful, albeit risky.
6. WHILE / WHEREAS (trong khi – đối lập)
6.1. Cấu trúc
While / Whereas + S + V
6.2. Ví dụ
While I prefer coffee, she likes tea.
Whereas he is quiet, his brother is very talkative.
7. TỔNG HỢP
| Cấu trúc | Theo sau là gì? | Ví dụ |
|---|---|---|
| Despite | N / V-ing | Despite the rain |
| In spite of | N / V-ing | In spite of being tired |
| Although | S + V | Although he was tired |
| Even though | S + V | Even though she failed |
| Even if | S + V (giả định) | Even if it rains |
| However | adj/adv + S + V | However hard he tried |
| No matter | wh + S + V | No matter how tired he was |
| Albeit | adj/adv | Albeit slowly |
| While | S + V | While I prefer tea |
8. NÂNG CAO
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Notwithstanding + N/V-ing = Despite (formal hơn despite)
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Adj/adv + as/though + S + V
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Tired as he was, he kept working.
Much as I admire him, I cannot agree. (với much thì chỉ dùng “as”)
Exercises – Bài tập
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