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Đảo ngữ (Inversion)

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1. Đảo ngữ là gì?

Đảo ngữ là hiện tượng đưa trợ động từ hoặc động từ lên trước chủ ngữ nhằm:

    • Nhấn mạnh

    • Tạo sắc thái trang trọng

    • Dùng trong văn viết học thuật

Cấu trúc cơ bản: Auxiliary (Trợ ĐT) + Subject (Chủ ngữ) + Verb (Động từ chính)

Khi các trạng từ mang nghĩa phủ định hoặc hạn định đứng đầu câu → phải đảo trợ động từ.

Các từ thường gặp:

never
rarely
seldom
hardly
barely
scarcely
little
only
not only
no sooner
at no time
under no circumstances
in no way
on no account
by no means
nowhere

Ví dụ:

Hardly does John remember the accident.
→ Dạng không đảo: John hardly remembers the accident.

Never have so many people been unemployed.
→ Dạng không đảo: So many people have never been unemployed.

Rarely have we seen such talent.
→ Dạng không đảo: We have rarely seen such talent.

Seldom does class let out early.
→ Dạng không đảo: Class seldom lets out early.

Only by hard work will we succeed.
→ Dạng không đảo: We will succeed only by hard work.

2. Các công thức đảo ngữ

2.1. Not only … but also …

Not only + auxiliary + S + V, but also + S + V

Not only did she pass the exam, but she also won a scholarship.
→ Dạng không đảo: She not only passed the exam but also won a scholarship.

2.2. No sooner … than …

No sooner + had + S + V3, than + S + V

No sooner had he arrived than it started to rain.
→ Dạng không đảo: He had no sooner arrived than it started to rain.

2.3. Hardly / Scarcely / Barely … when …

Hardly + had + S + V3, when + S + V

Hardly had I fallen asleep when the phone rang.
→ Dạng không đảo: I had hardly fallen asleep when the phone rang.

2.4. Cụm phủ định đầu câu

Under no circumstances should you open the door.
→ Dạng không đảo: You should not open the door under any circumstances.

In no way can I agree with you.
→ Dạng không đảo: I cannot agree with you in any way.

On no account must this switch be touched.
→ Dạng không đảo: This switch must not be touched on any account.

By no means does he intend to criticize you.
→ Dạng không đảo: He does not intend to criticize you at all.

At no time did she complain.
→ Dạng không đảo: She did not complain at any time.

2.5. Neither / Nor

Negative clause + nor + auxiliary + S + V

He had no money, nor did he know anyone to borrow from.
→ Dạng không đảo: He had no money, and he did not know anyone to borrow from.

2.6. Only + phrase

Only when + clause
Only after + clause
Only by + V-ing
Only then
Only later

Only when he arrived did we start.
→ Dạng không đảo: We started only when he arrived.

Only after finishing the report did she relax.
→ Dạng không đảo: She relaxed only after finishing the report.

Only then did I understand the truth.
→ Dạng không đảo: I understood the truth only then.

2.7. Here / There / Away / Down / Up…

Khi trạng từ chỉ vị trí hoặc hướng đứng đầu câu → động từ chính có thể đảo lên trước chủ ngữ nếu chủ ngữ là danh từ.

Here comes the bus.
→ Dạng không đảo: The bus comes here.

There goes your brother.
→ Dạng không đảo: Your brother goes there.

Down fell a dozen apples.
→ Dạng không đảo: A dozen apples fell down.

Up walked a policeman.
→ Dạng không đảo: A policeman walked up.

Nếu chủ ngữ là đại từ → không đảo.

Đúng: Here he comes.
Sai: Here comes he.

2.8. Place inversion (Đảo với cụm nơi chốn)

Khi cụm giới từ chỉ nơi chốn đứng đầu câu → có thể đảo động từ chính lên trước chủ ngữ (không dùng trợ động từ).

In front of the museum is a statue.
→ Dạng không đảo: A statue is in front of the museum.

Under the tree was lying a giant.
→ Dạng không đảo: A giant was lying under the tree.

On the grass sat an enormous frog.
→ Dạng không đảo: An enormous frog sat on the grass.

Along the road came a strange procession.
→ Dạng không đảo: A strange procession came along the road.

2.9. Tính từ đầu câu (as/though)

Tính từ + as/though + S + V

Tired as he was, he continued working.
→ Dạng không đảo: Although he was tired, he continued working.

Strange though it may seem, it is true.
→ Dạng không đảo: Although it may seem strange, it is true.

2.10. So / Such

So + adjective + auxiliary + S + V

So difficult was the test that many students failed.
→ Dạng không đảo: The test was so difficult that many students failed.

Such + be + noun + that

Such was the noise that we couldn’t sleep.
→ Dạng không đảo: The noise was such that we couldn’t sleep.

2.11. So / Neither (phụ họa)

So + auxiliary + S (khẳng định)

I am tired. So am I.
→ Dạng không đảo: I am tired. I am too.

Neither / Nor + auxiliary + S (phủ định)

I don’t like it. Neither do I.
→ Dạng không đảo: I don’t like it. I don’t either.

2.12. Đảo ngữ điều kiện (Formal Conditional Inversion)

Had + S + V3
Had I known, I would have told you.
→ Dạng không đảo: If I had known, I would have told you.

Were + S + to V
Were he to arrive early, we would start.
→ Dạng không đảo: If he were to arrive early, we would start.

Should + S + V
Should you need help, call me.
→ Dạng không đảo: If you should need help, call me.

TỔNG KẾT

Đảo ngữ thường xuất hiện khi:

    1. Trạng từ phủ định đứng đầu câu
    2. Only + cụm từ
    3. Not only / No sooner / Hardly
    4. So / Such
    5. Điều kiện trang trọng
    6. Trạng từ nơi chốn

Bản chất của đảo ngữ:
Câu thường → đưa thành phần nhấn mạnh lên đầu → đảo trợ động từ.

LƯU Ý:

    1. Chỉ đảo khi có yếu tố phủ định / hạn định ở đầu câu.
    2. Phải có trợ động từ (do/does/did/have/will/can…).
    3. Với động từ thường → cần mượn do/does/did.
    4. Với be → đảo trực tiếp.

 

Exercises – Bài tập

Exercise 1: Viết lại câu sử dụng hình thức đảo ngữ

    1. There is a temple on the top of the hill.

👉 On the……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

    1. The flies are on the book.

👉 On the book……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

    1. Lombard Street is found in San Francisco.

👉 Found ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

    1. A man with a gun stood in the doorway.

👉 In the doorway ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

    1. Although she is young, she knows a great deal.

👉  Young as …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

    1. Although he studies hard, he makes little progress.

👉  Hard as ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

    1. If you were a fish, the cat would eat you.

👉  Were…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

    1. If your father had known this, he would have given you advice.

👉 Had……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

    1. If you should need my help, phone me at once.

👉 Should ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

    1. I’ve never been more insulted.

👉 Never………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

    1. He seldom sees anything strange.

👉 Seldom ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

    1. She rarely saw him looking so miserable.

👉  Rarely……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

    1. The man can hardly walk without a stick.

👉  Hardly ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

    1. She scarcely phones us after 9.00 p.m.

👉  Scarcely…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

    1. He not only studies well, but also he sings perfectly.

👉  Not only ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

    1. She is not only rich, but she is also beautiful.

👉  Not only ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

    1. He didn’t say a word.

👉  Not …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

    1. He didn’t give me a penny.

👉  No…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

    1. They little realized that Ted was a secret agent.

👉  Little…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

    1. I can’t find my passport anywhere.

👉  Nowhere……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

 

Exercise 2: Viết lại câu sử dụng hình thức đảo ngữ

    1. He by no means intends to criticize your idea.

👉  By no means………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

    1. I never suspect you.

👉  At no time …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

    1. I could in no way agree with you.

👉  In no way ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

    1. Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.

👉 No sooner ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

    1. I didn’t wake up until 8 am today.

👉  Not until ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

    1. I didn’t know him until I started to study English.

👉 Not until ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

    1. He called me only when he needed help.

👉 Only when…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

    1. He neither has called on her nor will do so.

👉 Neither ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

    1. You shouldn’t go out late under any circumstances.

👉 Under no circumstances………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

    1. This switch must be touched on no account.

👉 On no account ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

    1. I understood the problem only then.

👉 Only then…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

    1. We will be able to accomplish this great task only by hard work.

👉 Only by …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

    1. I didn’t post it until later.

👉 Only later ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

    1. He came home only at midnight.

👉 Only at midnight ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

    1. The doctor was so angry that none of the nurses dared to utter.

👉 Such …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

    1. I can forgive you only if you tell me the truth.

👉 Only if ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

    1. I realized that I’d seen the film before only after the film started.

👉 Only after ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

    1. You can learn English well only in this way.

👉 Only in this way …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

    1. The film was so moving that I couldn’t help crying.

👉 So moving …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

    1. If I learnt Russian, I would read a Russian book.

👉 Were…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

 

Exercise 3: Chia dạng đúng của động từ trong ngoặc ở các dạng đảo ngữ

    1. Not only they (buy)_______ the house but also the car last year.
    2. You (come)_______early, we’ll start.
    3. They (live)_______in Australia now, they would go swimming.
    4. Bob (not interfere)_______in his sister’ marital problems, there wouldn’t have been peace between them.
    5. Hardly the doctor (fall)_______asleep when the telephone (wake)_______him up.
    6. Only by working hard he (manage)_______to pass the exam.
    7. No sooner he (return)_______from his walk than he (get)_______down to writing the letter.
    8. Only by (operate)_______immediately can you save your eyesight.
    9. Only when they told me about it I (realize)_______what I had missed.
    10. Only after a new pay offer the workers (call)_______off the strike.
    11. Only later the facts all (make)_______public.
    12. Not until the bell rang he (finish)_______his work.
    13. Rarely she (travel)_______more than fifty miles from her village.
    14. Never in my life I (see)_______such a mess.
    15. Only if everybody agreed I (accept)_______this position.

 

Đáp án

Exercise 1

    1. On the top of the hill is a temple.
    2. On the book are the flies.
    3. Found in San Francisco is Lombard Street.
    4. In the doorway stood a man with a gun.
    5. Young as she is, she knows a great deal.
    6. Hard as he studies, he makes little progress.
    7. Were you a fish, the cat would eat you.
    8. Had your father known this, he would have given you advice.
    9. Should you need my help, phone me at once.
    10. Never have I been more insulted.
    11. Seldom does he see anything strange.
    12. Rarely did she see him looking so miserable.
    13. Hardly can the man walk without a stick.
    14. Scarcely does she phone us after 9.00 p.m.
    15. Not only does he study well but also he sings perfectly.
    16. Not only is she rich but she is also beautiful.
    17. Not a word did he say.
    18. Not a penny did he give me.
    19. Little did they realize that Ted was a secret agent.
    20. Nowhere can I find my passport.

Exercise 2

    1. By no means does he intend to criticize your idea.
    2. At no time do I suspect you.
    3. In no way could I agree with you.
    4. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
    5. Not until 8 a.m. today did I wake up.
    6. Not until I started to study English did I know him.
    7. Only when he needed help did he call me.
    8. Neither has he called on her nor will he do so.
    9. Under no circumstances should you go out late.
    10. On no account must this switch be touched.
    11. Only then did I understand the problem.
    12. Only by working hard will we be able to accomplish this great task.
    13. Only later did I post it.
    14. Only at midnight did he come home.
    15. Such was the doctor’s anger that none of the nurses dared to utter a word.
    16. Only if you tell me the truth can I forgive you.
    17. Only after the film started did I realize that I’d seen it before.
    18. Only in this way can you learn English well.
    19. So moving was the film that I couldn’t help crying.
    20. Were I to learn Russian, I would read a Russian book.

Exercise 3

    1. Did they buy
    2. Should you come
    3. Were they to live
    4. Had Bob not interfered
    5. Had the doctor fallen / woke
    6. Did he manage
    7. Had he returned / got
    8. Operating
    9. Did I realize
    10. Did the workers call off
    11. Were the facts all made
    12. Did he finish
    13. Does she travel
    14. Have I seen
    15. Could I accept

— THE END —

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