1. Khái niệm nhanh

Liên từ (Conjunctions)

→ Dùng để nối từ, cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề trong cùng 1 câu

Ví dụ:

• • I like coffee and tea.

  • She stayed at home because it was raining.

Trạng từ liên kết (Linking Adverbs)

→ Dùng để nối ý giữa 2 câu / 2 mệnh đề độc lập (thường tách bằng dấu chấm, dấu chấm phẩy)

Ví dụ:

• • He didn’t study; therefore, he failed.

  • The task is hard. However, I will try.

2. Các nhóm từ quan trọng (có nghĩa)

A. Liên từ phổ biến

1. 1. Liên từ kết hợp (Coordinating)

• • and (và)

  • but / yet (nhưng)

  • or (hoặc)

  • so (vì vậy)

  • for (vì)

1. 2. Liên từ phụ thuộc (Subordinating)

• • because / since (bởi vì)

  • although / though / even though (mặc dù)

  • if / unless (nếu / trừ khi)

  • when / while / after / before (khi / trong khi / sau / trước)

1. 3. Liên từ tương quan (Correlative)

• • not only…but also (không chỉ…mà còn)

  • either…or (hoặc…hoặc)

  • neither…nor (không…cũng không)

B. Trạng từ liên kết theo chức năng

1. 1. Bổ sung

• • furthermore / moreover / in addition / additionally (hơn nữa)

  • also / besides (ngoài ra)

1. 2. Kết quả (cause → effect)

• • therefore / thus / hence (vì vậy)

  • as a result / consequently (kết quả là)

1. 3. Đối lập

• • however / nevertheless / nonetheless (tuy nhiên)

  • in contrast / on the other hand (trái lại)

1. 4. Tương đồng

• • similarly / likewise (tương tự)

1. 5. Ví dụ

• • for example / for instance / namely (ví dụ)

1. 6. Nhấn mạnh

• • indeed / in fact (thực ra)

1. 7. Kết luận

• • in conclusion / to summarize / overall (tóm lại)

1. 8. Thời gian / trình tự

• • meanwhile (trong khi đó)

  • first / next / finally (đầu tiên / tiếp theo / cuối cùng)

3. PHÂN BIỆT CHÍNH: Liên từ vs Trạng từ liên kết

Điểm 1: Cách nối

• • Liên từ → nối trực tiếp trong 1 câu

  • Trạng từ liên kết → nối 2 câu riêng biệt

Ví dụ:

• • I was tired, but I continued. (liên từ)

  • I was tired; however, I continued. (trạng từ)

Điểm 2: Dấu câu

• • Liên từ: thường dùng dấu phẩy (hoặc không)

  • Trạng từ liên kết: dùng ; hoặc . + ,

Ví dụ:

• • She was late, so she took a taxi.

  • She was late; therefore, she took a taxi.

Điểm 3: Tính linh hoạt vị trí

• • Liên từ: gần như chỉ đứng giữa câu

  • Trạng từ liên kết: đứng đầu / giữa / cuối câu

Ví dụ:

• • However, I disagree.

  • I, however, disagree.

Điểm 4: Ngữ pháp phía sau

• • Liên từ → phải nối mệnh đề

  • Trạng từ liên kết → không trực tiếp nối, cần dấu câu

Ví dụ sai (rất hay gặp):

• • I was tired, however I continued.

  • I was tired; however, I continued.

5. Tổng kết

• • Liên từ = nối trong câu
  • Trạng từ liên kết = nối giữa các câu + cần dấu câu
  • Writing Task 2: dùng however, therefore, moreover, in conclusion
  • Speaking: dùng and, but, so, because. Tránh lạm dụng linking adverbs vì dễ bị over formal

 

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Exercises – Bài tập

Bài tập 1: Điền từ phù hợp để hoàn thành câu.

1. 1. Welcome to our presentation. ______, let me introduce my team members.

   2. My teacher gave me a lot of homework; ______, the deadline is tomorrow.

   3. He made a lot of mistakes; ______, he was laid off.

   4. My sister doesn’t like tomatoes; ______, I never eat anything made from them.

   5. The window was open and the safe was unlocked; ______, we had to call the police.

Bài tập 2: Điền từ thích hợp để hoàn thành đoạn văn:

Smoking in restaurants should be banned._____, when people smoke in restaurants, the smoke from their cigarettes affects other people. This smoke, called second-hand smoke, is unhealthy for others to breathe. ______, a 2011 report from the Johnson Institute stated that second-hand smoke is even more dangerous than the smoke inhaled by the smokers themselves. ______, smoking negatively affects how food tastes. It has been proven that the sense of smell contributes to how people enjoy their food. ______, if the restaurant smells like an ashtray, eating food in it will not be as enjoyable. ______, due to these negative factors, the government should take measures to ensure people are not allowed to smoke in restaurants. This will create a better dining experience for smokers and non-smokers.

Bài tập 3: Điền liên từ phù hợp cho bài IELTS Speaking Part 2 dưới đây:

Today, I would like to talk about a time (1) someone explicitly appreciated me (2) my assistance.

It happened about a few years ago, (3) my neighbor, Kim Lee, needed to leave the city for a few days in order to see his ailing grandmother.

To introduce Kim, he could easily be considered as one of the nicest neighbours one could ever hope for, (4) he lived with his family a couple of blocks away from my house in the same neighbourhood. Kim used to own and run his own small super shop (5) I used to visit almost every other day in order to buy stuff. (6), we had a very warm relationship with each other. (7), when he asked me to watch after his house for a few days, I just couldn’t refuse.

Kim told me what exactly needed to be done, including picking up the newspapers from his front lawn every morning, helping his employees to open and close his super shop and turning the lights on of his house during the evening, (8) keep the “heater” in his house turned on in order to keep his house warm, (9) it was really cold at that time. (10) he came back, he didn’t forget to thank me with a very big smile on his happy face.

(11) I wasn’t exactly looking for any kind of appreciation from my neighbor, I felt really great and useful after his words of appreciation.

Đáp án bài tập 1

1. 1. First
   2. In addition
   3. Consequently
   4. Likewise
   5. In summary

Đáp án bài tập 2

1. 1. First of all
   2. In fact
   3. Furthermore
   4. Consequently
   5. To sum up

Đáp án bài tập 3

1. 1. when
   2. for
   3. and
   4. and
   5. which
   6. so
   7. Thus
   8. and
   9. as
   10. When
   11. Even though

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