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1. Phụ họa câu khẳng định

Khi muốn nói một người/vật làm một việc gì đó và người/vật khác cũng làm như vậy, ta dùng so hoặc too (nghĩa là “cũng thế”).

Để tránh lặp lại toàn bộ mệnh đề chính, ta dùng and + mệnh đề phụ có so hoặc too.

Cấu trúc chung:

Affirmative statement + and +
• S + auxiliary + too
• so + auxiliary + S

Ví dụ:

John went to the mountains on his vacation, and we did too.
John went to the mountains on his vacation, and so did we.

I will be in VN in May, and they will too.
I will be in VN in May, and so will they.

He has seen her play, and the girls have too.
He has seen her play, and so have the girls.

We are going to the movie tonight, and he is too.
We are going to the movie tonight, and so is he.

She will wear a costume to the party, and we will too.
She will wear a costume to the party, and so will we.

Picasso was a famous painter, and Rubens was too.
Picasso was a famous painter, and so was Rubens.

2. Phụ họa câu phủ định

Tương tự so/too trong câu khẳng định, để phụ họa câu phủ định ta dùng:

• either
• neither

Nghĩa: “cũng không”

Cấu trúc chung:

Negative statement + and +
• S + negative auxiliary + either
• neither + positive auxiliary + S

Ví dụ:

I didn’t see Mary this morning, and John didn’t either.
I didn’t see Mary this morning, and neither did John.

She won’t be going to the conference, and her friends won’t either.
She won’t be going to the conference, and neither will her friends.

John hasn’t seen the new movie yet, and I haven’t either.
John hasn’t seen the new movie yet, and neither have I.

Exercises – Bài tập